Introduction: Arbitration has a contractual nature and is subject to the sovereignty of the will of the parties, but in some cases, the legislator imposed the referral of claims to arbitration on the will of the parties and caused the contractual nature of the arbitration clause to disappear or be limited. By doing this, he has placed the arbitration outside the will of the parties. This issue causes some moral conflicts in the discussion of compulsory arbitration. Therefore, this research has been done with the purpose of examining the position of compulsory arbitration in Iran's legal system and the ethical challenges in it with a descriptive-analytical approach. Material and Methods: The research was a review method, in order to achieve the goal of the research, in addition to electronic education books and virtual education in this field, articles related to the research keywords from 2004 to 2022 from the databases of Civilica, Magiran, Sid, Researchgate, Science direct, was reviewed Conclusion: Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that compulsory arbitration in Iran has ethical challenges in the field of implementation and interpretation, the most important of which is the issue of the right to action and judicial justice. In the context of ambiguities in mandatory arbitration, even if the method of arbitration becomes ambiguous, the arbitrator has the duty to find out the will of the legislator with the principles and rules of interpretation, which creates a moral conflict for the arbitrator.

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During human life, ethical criteria and the formulation of ethical Code have been a concern existed a long time, having various dimensions and components. So, for such a subject matter, there have been suggested a great number of theoretical views and practical procedures, which for a long time have been disputed by the experts in the fields of religion, philosophy, ethics, psychology and management. The present essay initially considers ethical action and its psychological roots. Next, it focuses on different theories concerning criteria for the evaluation of ethical action such as altruism, essential good and badness, and inspiration of consciousness as well as on the factors affecting ethical and non-ethical behaviors. Then, based on Islamic traditions, it points out the four principles of the normative ethics, i.e., commitment, monitoring, evaluation, and reprimand.And, finally, it analyzes the global backgrounds of formulating ethical Code for organizations and its criteria including the principle of moral honesty, of ownership, of trust, of equity, and of citizenship, presenting the extensions of the studied dimensions.

Background: Today, media has a highlighted position in national, regional and international area. Along with development of media, legislation for media will be clearly necessary. There is no doubt that lows are necessary for providing regulations in society, but not enough. Experiences show that, more than laws, internal supervision is important. A professional ethics Code is one of the internal supervision. These Codes that edited by media agents have key roles in achieving goals in media. In this study, the normal theories in media have been considered and Codes of ethics in media in other countries have been considered. This study aims to provide Codes of professional ethics in media.Conclusion: Studies show that trust of audience to media agents is necessary. Managers and media agents know that how ethics is important in maintaining the trust. Then they use some strategies to control their activities. Therefore, providing Codes of professional ethics in media is so necessary.

Quality of nursing care services directly influences individuals' health status. Compiling Codes of ethics according to the religion and culture of each population could be an appropriate approach in improving quality of health care services especially nursing care. Hence, the most important priority in our national health system is developing ethical guidelines.For this purpose a task force has been established in collaboration with nurses, physicians, lawyers and clergymen who were expert in the field of medical ethics. The Code of ethics for Iranian nurses was drafted in 2010. The draft that included 12 values and 71 regulations of professional ethics were finally approved in the second session of the ethics Supreme Council of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education on 6 March, 2010.The values consist of concepts such as maintaining human dignity, adherence to professional obligations, accountability and responsibility, patient privacy, promotion of scientific and practical competence and respect to individual's autonomy.Also, 71 regulations of professional ethics divided to five sections including "Nurse and Community" consisting of 9 items, "Nurse and Professional Commitments" with 14 items, "Nurse and Clinical Services" with 23 items, "The Nurse and Other Healthcare Providers in Medical Team" with 15 items, and also "Nurse, Education and Research" including 10 items.

Nurses are ever-increasingly confronted with complex concerns in their practice. Codes of ethics are fundamental guidance for nursing as many other professions. Although there are authentic international Codes of ethics for nurses, the national Code would be the additional assistance provided for clinical nurses in their complex roles in care of patients, education, research and management of some parts of health care system in the country. A national Code can provide nurses with culturally-adapted guidance and help them to make ethical decisions more closely to the Iranian-Islamic background. Given the general acknowledgement of the need, the National Code of ethics for Nurses was compiled as a joint project (2009-2011). The Code was approved by the Health Policy Council of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education and communicated to all universities, healthcare centers, hospitals and research centers early in 2011. The focus of this article is on the course of action through which the Code was compiled, amended and approved. The main concepts of the Code will be also presented here. No doubt, development of the Codes should be considered as an ongoing process. This is an overall responsibility to keep the Codes current, updated with the new progresses of science and emerging challenges, and pertinent to the nursing practice.